DD121 TMA03 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DD121 TMA03 - Essay Example In any case, Darwin likewise focused on the job of association among people, and similarly significant is the impact of the dynamic intuitive condition. â€Å"Our contrasts are additionally a result of our social relations, social procedures, the sorts of conditions we are naturally introduced to, the situations we live in, our bodies thus on.† (Hinchcliffe, 2000) So, common contrasts exist however unpredictable and intuitive procedures assume a noteworthy job. Level of intelligence tests are intended to quantify knowledge and guarantee to be without culture. The issue with these tests is that they are intended to â€Å"measure critical thinking abilities in the theoretical instead of in the realm of social relations and experience† (Hinchcliffe, 2000) for example they don't quantify social knowledge. Additionally, the abilities required for being effective in IQ tests can be handily drilled yet they are an aftereffect of training, which is a social encounter. In addition, they are not autonomous of culture. The reactions apply uniquely to verbal tests since they are â€Å"totally reliant on Western information which is just accessible in certain cultures.† (Hinchcliffe, 2000) This puts youngsters who have not been presented to a similar domain at a particular disservice. Studies on twins for instance, who to a great extent share their childhood in the equivalent socio-social condition show that they have comparable IQ scores. But a prohibitive definition, a market is â€Å"a physical spot where numerous purchasers and venders meet up to exchange products and enterprises, trading them ordinarily for money.† (Hinchcliffe, 2000) But trade can occur from numerous points of view for example through a list or over the Internet, and the products traded are not really substantial. Therefore, there are two financial operators who associate in a social space; rules administer how they connect and â€Å"a deal brings about the exchange of property rights† (Hinchcliffe, 2000), and markets not one or the other

International Business Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Worldwide Business Marketing - Essay Example (Tai, et al 2005). Populace development rate and FDI are viewed as the primary components for nation choice. Looking at the measurable outcomes, it is obvious that China is on the highest priority on the rundown having the most noteworthy populace on the planet (Table 1). The normal pace of populace development is a lower than in India and Indonesia, by and by, it is normal that in 2025 the populace in China will be about 1,476.0 ml, rather than India which will has just 1,363.0 ml (2004 World Population Data Sheet, 2005). As indicated by the study, China was the biggest FDI goal on the planet in 2003, surpassing the US (FDI Confidence Index, 2004). It has stable political circumstance, and high paces of monetary development. In the event of China, FDI is a significant component of the economies of the creating nations. For some enormous Western organizations, development of their circle of tasks through the foundation of branches in different nations is viewed as a key part of technique, regularly mor e significant than quick profits for capital. Numerous organizations are considering their to be as lower than they would need to be later on and as giving them a first-mover advantage as those economies develop altogether. In 2003, FDI inflows were $53.5 billion. The financial strength of nations is likewise surveyed to decide if the macroeconomic conditions are helpful for stable monetary conditions. The financial guess says that 40% of world's speculators anticipated a progressively inspirational point of view toward China's economy (FDI Confidences Index, 2004). China anticipates progression of market, and that is the reason every one of those dangers will be limited. Segment factors, considered along with measures, for example, discretionary cashflow per head, shows that China and India are two potential markets for this item. For example, GDP per capita development rate is the most elevated in China (8.8%) rather than different nations remembered for the rundown (GDP per capit a, 2001). The infiltration system will be founded on explicit product offering which has not been grown at this point. The procedure will be expected to advance extravagance healthy skin line for pregnancy and early parenthood. Estee Lauder has not advanced this product offering, yet its skincare item satisfy excellent guidelines making them alright for pregnant ladies. Beauty care products for pregnancy depends on all characteristic corrective line (Begoun, 2006) as those proposed by Estee Lauder. This procedure is significant in light of the fact that there are set number of organizations advance this line in China (Dowling, 2006). Worldwide development procedure will comprise of a few stages. 1.The initial step (during the principal year) - co-activity procedure and choice of deals specialists in large urban areas. (This progression is intended to assess showcase potential and development rate, just as rivalry pressure. Estee Lauder will deal its items through medication stores and concentrated stores for pregnant ladies in large urban communities around the nation). half year - ID of potential organizations and merchants; contracting and authorizing half year - publicizing and advancement crusade, opening a Web page After the principal year of execution - assessment and investigation of the market potential 2.The second step (during the subsequent year) - utilizing salespeople and operators so as to advance items around the nation (the point is to sell items in moderate size urban areas through operators, medicate stores and concentrated stores for ladies; serious competition on both a cost and a non-value premise. 3.The third year - to

Administrative Assistant Resume Examples, Template Complete Guide

Administrative Assistant Resume Examples, Template Complete Guide Are you on a lookout for a new job or are looking for a first one? Have you written your resume yet?If you are hesitant to answer this question because you are not sure of the CV you have is the right for the job, weve been there.Everyone has. This is such a universal problem that we decided to create this guide and help you.What do you think a good resume should contain?Is it important to list all the experience you have, all the interests? How long should it be?To make sure that your resume will catch the recruiters attention and get yourself an interview that could possibly lead to making your professional dreams come true there are actually only a few things you should pay attention to.There are several questions that should answer in order to make the best of your resume:How do I make the best first impression so that recruiters notice my CV?What information should I include in my resume?Is it better to keep it short and sweet, or should I write a long one?When it comes to the l ayout, which one should I choose?If you have other questions in mind, that is okay. We will answer those, too. If you follow all the points in this guide, you will not dread sending resumes out anymore. What will you get from this guide?You will learn:How to draw attention to your CV among hundreds of othersHow to recognize what personal, professional, and additional information to include in your resume, and which ones you should avoidHow to handle the experience section if you do not have anyHow to make your resume look better than the 90% of resumes out thereThis does make even our heads spin a little, but luckily for you, yours does not need to. We have created various resume layouts for you to pick from.The layouts are created to keep your information organized and showcase your advantages in the best possible way.If you use a layout, there is absolutely no chance that you will forget a piece of information or two, so breathe in and lets start paving the way to your future.Pick out a layout that suits your personality best. In this case, as a prospective administrative assistant, you want to choose one that shows how neat and organized you are.There are many to choose from, and they are all really easy to use.Now that you have chosen the layout you want, it is time to fill it with all the right information. In order to show you how a good resume looks like, we decided to include 2 great resumes in this guide.Just going over them will help you get the notion of what kind of look you should strive to.However, we will break down all the sections just in case you have missed something and make a resume-building process even easier for you.Feel free to take notes, or even fill in your chosen resume layout as we go; it will save you time. Lets start!Administrative Assistant Resume for New York Public Library Right Administrative Assistant Resume for Spectrum Group International Right Create your own resumeNow that we have shown you two examples of different administrative assistant positions, is it clearer for you how you should write your own resume?Has your own attention to detail helped you notice the important points of difference among these, and other, usual resumes?At least for you, it should not be difficult to make it really neat and in that way, showcase your organizational skills.The recruiters love those short, compact and yet highly informative resumes as they give them all the information they need to know if you are the person that could be right for the job.Did you know that recruiters spend only 6 seconds scanning the resumes?Keeping them short and filling them with on-point information makes it easier for the recruiters to spot the required information in a matter of seconds!It is time for you to start developing your own resume! Get that layout that you have chosen and fill it in as we go about explaining each section step by step.GUIDE ON WRI TING THE PERSONAL INFO SECTIONThe personal information section is like a business card- it contains information that you want your potential employer to have.No matter how great your resume is if the first impression is not good, then, they probably not read the rest anyway.So, to make sure your personal information section is professional and that it contains everything needed to contact you.The rules of what you must include are pretty straightforward and cannot vary too much.The problem arises when the information you provide is not written in a professional manner.For example, you are using your nickname instead of your full name:John Parker RightJohnny Parker WrongAnother rather common situation is that your e-mail address is not professional enough since you have been using the same one since the day you made your MySpace account.Take a few minutes out of your day to create a new e-mail address which you will use on your resumes and professional correspondence.You can still use the one you are emotionally attached to for your personal connections.Pro tip: Make sure that it is clear and memorable.johnparker@gmail.com Rightjohnnylovesstarwars@gmail.comorjohnparker9931706@gmail.com WrongNow, let us go through the list of information you should include in your personal information section:Your full name- first and last nameYour current address, a working phone number, and appropriate e-mail addressYour Linkedin account information â€"it’s the virtual extension of your resume.Your photo â€" a clear headshot in professional clothing and neat appearance. Note: in the USA, putting the photo on the resume is unfavorable, so check what the general practices about it are in your country.Information like driver’s license, security number, other online sources (blogs, websites), and others are not necessary unless they are relevant to the job you are applying for. (E.g. A job description specifically asks for an administrative assistant with a driver’s lice nse.)Using our resume builder, you will be able to add and delete sections according to what your needs are.There are also templates with and without photos. Make sure you chose the one that is right for you.GUIDE ON WRITING THE SUMMARY SECTIONWriting the summary section is maybe the most complicated part of building a resume since it needs to contain information about who you are, what you are looking for and your skills.What makes it hard is putting it into 2-3 sentences without making it scarce or generic.The problem with writing too short, uninformative or generic summaries is that it does not give the recruiters the information of who you are.A summary should have that personal touch that would distinguish you from other candidates. The difference can be in your experience, your achievements, or your personality.Let us take a look at these examples:Summary WITH EXPERIENCEA hard-working, accomplished professional with over 10 years of experience and over 50 successful projects i s looking for new opportunities to apply his experience. My ideal environment is one where I can work with people of the same work ethics RightSummary WITH EXPERIENCEA hard-working, experienced administrative assistant is looking for a new job opportunity WrongSummary WITHOUT EXPERIENCEAn ambitious college undergraduate is looking to put her acquired knowledge to real-life situations. With a 97 GPA score and a completed summer internship in the field, I am looking for a first-time job to jumpstart my career. RightSummary WITHOUT EXPERIENCEA Business School undergrad is looking for a first-time job as an Administrative Assistant. WrongCan you spot the difference? Improving your summary by adding a little bit more information (GPA score, numbers of projects, percentages, other achievements) will make you stand out. And from the example, you see that it works for both experienced and inexperienced applicants.The generic summaries will not stand out, as they only state the obvious â €" that you want the job you are applying for.Go ahead and write your own summary now while the information is still fresh in your mind. And do not forget to use our easy layouts!GUIDE ON WRITING THE EXPERIENCE SECTIONThe experience section could not be more straight-forward, however, this is where people tend to get a little overboard.The thing is, we generally think that the more information about our experience we include the better; however, this is not always right.The important things to consider are:RelevanceOrderMannerThe key to writing a great experience section is in limiting yourself to the experience relevant to what you are applying for.When you are applying for an administrative management position, it is not important if you have spent your summers tutoring neighborhood children in math.You may still want to include this type of information, but have a ready response to the interview questions about that.E.g. “How did tutoring children help you become a better admin istrative worker?“If you ace this, you may even get the plus points. However, since the first round of the recruitment process is only in written form, the additional and irrelevant information may crowd over the relevant ones.As far as the order in which you are listing your experience, the best choice is to use reverse-chronological order, i.e. start from the latest experience   and work your way down to the first one. It helps emphasize your latest and most relevant experience.The manner in which you are writing about your experience should be concise and straight to the point. First state the time you spent working on that position (E.g. June 2018-present), then emphasize the position you held, and then the institution you were working for. This order appears the most logical for HR.When talking about your assignments, list your achievements and obligations using bullets, and keep them short yet informative:ExperienceIncreased productivity by 15% during the three quarters.Succ essfully completed over 200 assignments. RightExperienceIncreased productivity.Completed allocated assignments WrongIf you stick to simply stating the facts without supporting them with evidence, it looks like you are just trying to fill in the information and that they do not actually mean much since it is understood that those are usual tasks of an administrative assistant.If you do not have any experience in the field, do not resort to putting down just anything. It is better to delete the entire section and focus on the education part and the summary, rather than including irrelevant information.If you have completed internships, write them down in the same manner.How is building your own resume going? Do you find our layouts user-friendly? We hope so!Let’s continue!GUIDE ON WRITING THE EDUCATION SECTIONThis section is where you should showcase all the points in which your formal education helped prepare you for the job you are applying for.Again, as in the experience sectio n, use the reverse chronological order.State the name of the institution in which you got your degree.Use bullets to provide information relevant to the job.For example, your major is not as relevant to the job, but your minor is, it would be a pity not to accentuate it.Pay close attention to the education section, especially if you do not have any experience regarding the job.The best way to make your case is to list all the achievements you made during your schooling:AwardsHonorsScholarshipsGPAProjects you have been included inand so onOther facts that you should include in this section are other types of education:CertificatesOnline CoursesLicensesAnything that helps you do your job and show your will to better and educate yourself beyond formal education.GUIDE ON WRITING THE SKILLS SECTIONIn this section, you should write down any and all skills that help you do your job well. We divide skills into two groups:Hard skills- the ones that are specifically related to the job, e.g. u sing a certain program, fast typing, tech-savvy, and so on.Soft skills- they usually come as a part of your personality and what your innate or learned characteristics are, e.g. time management, communication skills, public speaking, and moreLet us assume that you have all the desired skills that you see in the job description, but you have others that you want to flaunt. Should you? Well, if they are in any way related to the job, then the answer is yes. E.g. if you are hoping to work for an international company it is fabulous if you speak other languages; in this case, write the skill down even if it is not specifically required of an applicant to speak, say, French.On the other hand, are you are an avid horseback rider?That might be a good skill to single out if you are applying for a stunt position on a movie set.It would not do you much good in an office while you are trying to juggle schedules, finances, and events.There is an easy guide on how to pick the skills to showcase Mirror the job description. It is as easy as that! Be careful not to copy all the keywords, though.E.g., the responsibilities you will have are: managing executives calendar, coordination of appointments, handling communication both written and verbal, pulling out monthly expense reports,Spot the keywords and address them in your skill section. This will show the recruiters that you have what it takes to do the job wellMany applicants make a mistake of just throwing down skills, however, you should make sure that the skills are organized and graded.SkillsProficient in QuickBooks, Zoho Expense, and FreeAgentMS Office Package-4/5 RightSkillsQuickBooks, Zoho Expense, and FreeAgentMS Office WrongThere are various ways of grading your skills, and we have included all of them (description, scale, stars…), just pick the one you like, and get going!FINAL TIPS TRICKSKeep your resume short. Upon revision, delete all the unnecessary points- something that is less relevant, filler words, and so on. One page is more than enough. The bonus is, all the information are there on one glance, if the recruiters have to flip through the pages, chances are they are going to miss something.Stay clear of highlighting any causes that might be politically colored.Change perspective and look at your resume from the HRs viewpoint. If you cannot distance yourself, ask a friend, a family member or a mentor to take a look at it from an objective standpoint.Practice answering the questions related to your previous experience and skills. E.g. Why did you leave your last job? How did participating in the XY event help shape you as a successful administrative assistant? And the like.Proofread your resume.  If you have read it so many times that you know it by heart, it is possible that you will miss a typo, a double word or a missing comma. Ask a friend for help, or wait a couple of hours, so you are rested and check again.Use our resume builder to accent the right information, as not al l of them are of the same importance.Make sure that your resume fits the job description. Revise it every time you apply for a new job since what fits the one may not quite fit the other, and those slight differences are what will tip the scale in your favor.Save your resume in a PDF file. It is the neatest there is, and it is no editable. Luckily, our resume builder saves it to PDF automatically, so you do not have to bother with converters.FINAL THOUGHTSSo, here it is- your guide to the perfect administrative assistant job! We do not guarantee that you will get the first job you apply for, but we do guarantee that your resume will stand out and that you will at least increase the number of callbacks, and in turn, your chances of working where you have always desired to work.Hopefully, this guide and our resume builder make the dread of job searching easier and a little less stressful. Happy job hunting! Create your own resume

Effective Workplace Communication - 1336 Words

Listening and Effective Workplace Communication James Humes, a former presidential speech writer, stated that, the art of communication is the language of leadership (Leading Thoughts, 2010). Communication is an essential process that is common in the workplace. Everyone in the workplace especially leaders must communicate with others. Ideas, conversations, disagreements, and commitments can all be exchanged through communication. Anyone can communicate but it takes discipline and skills to effectively communicate. These skills can include feedback, presentation, non-verbal communication, and listening. Listening is the most valuable skills to effective workplace communication because it enhances job effectiveness, relationships†¦show more content†¦If a guest calls down to the front desk and complains about their room the front desk clerk needs to actively listen to know how to respond. A response may include sending up an item that was requested by the guest or escalating the problem to upper management. Intentl y listening to the message that is presented will help employees and managers respond in an appropriate manner. A response to listening does not always have to verbal. A non-verbal response like smiling or nodding can be an appropriate response. It does not matter if the response is verbal or non-verbal, listening will help to ensure that the response is effective. People tend to assume that the most important part of the pyramid is the top but they are incorrect. The bottom of the pyramid is the most important part of the pyramid. The bottom of the pyramid is the foundation on which the other blocks stand. If there was a pyramid to represent communication skills, listening would be the foundation or the base for communication. Communication skills build on each other and the skill that is used for the moment in time is the tip of the pyramid. â€Å"Truly effective communication involves more than just expressing yourself clearly. It also requires effective listening† (Brown, 2009). Listening helps to strengthen the other communication skills like feedback and presentation. It is hard to present to an audience without understanding the audience’s needs. To understand theShow MoreRelatedEffective Communication at Workplace3033 Words   |  13 PagesEFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION AT WORKPLACE Definition of Communication Communication is an exchange of feelings, ideas and information, whether by speaking, writing, signals or behaviors. When a person sends or receives information, ideas and feelings with others, they are not only using spoken or written communication but also nonverbal communication. Effective communication skills are necessary for smooth relations with other people. They can be your family, friends, colleagues or even strangersRead MoreEffective Communication For The Workplace950 Words   |  4 Pages Someone once said great communication is a skill that is needed in life. I believe great communication can take an individual very far in life. Effective communication helps connect with people. It can open many doors for many jobs. It lets the employer know whom they have hired, and how intelligent the person really is. In the business profession, effective communication enables managers to give understandable instructions to their employees. Effective communication will help state what is expectedRead MoreEffective Communication in a Workplace635 Words   |  3 PagesEffective communication in a business Student’s Name: Professor’s Name: Institution: Date of Submission: Describe a time when you experienced effective communication in a business environment. 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Listening, clarity and Patience are three main keys to effective communication within aRead MoreEffective Communication in the Workplace Essay1300 Words   |  6 PagesEffective Communication in the Workplace The workplace is an environment where more and more Americans are spending significant portions of their time. In fact, 25 million workers reported spending at least 49 hours a week at work, (Schabner, 2013). This means that having effective communication in the workplace is becoming increasingly important. Not just to improve business practices, but to improve the quality of both employer AND employee satisfaction. Effective interpersonal communicationRead MoreWorkplace Literacy and Effective Communication1270 Words   |  6 PagesWorkplace Literacy and Effective Communication Recently, there has been a poorly written communication in the workplace, which has led to some hurt feelings, lower morale and possible loss of business. As a corporation, we have worked very hard to maintain the synergy though out our work environment. These latest events are starting to compromise multiple aspects of our company. First, we are losing control and perspective of our colleagues. Camaraderie and atmosphere are suffering, placing usRead MoreEffective Communication in the Workplace Essay1220 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication Barriers in the Workplace Communication barriers in the workplace can have a serious effect on the functioning and of an organization. In the following article we shall understand what some of these communication barriers are and how to overcome them. Ads by Google Improve Communication Our NLP Training Program Helps You Overcome Your Fears. Enroll Today! www.EasyNLP.com/ Conflict Management How much is conflict costing you? Assessment, Training, Coaching www.StrategicLeadershipCoachingRead MoreEffective Communication Strategies For Workplace1221 Words   |  5 Pages Effective Communication Strategies for Workplace Conflict Tanya Schankel ORG300 – Applying Leadership Principles Colorado State University – Global Campus Dr. Anne O Bryan June 14, 2015 Effective Communication Strategies for Workplace Conflict Got Conflict? You are not alone. Conflict is a natural part of our lives. It can occur anytime and anywhere, but it is especially prone to raise its ugly head in the workplace when working with a team. We all have unique differences based on ageRead MoreEffective Communication Within The Workplace1848 Words   |  8 Pagesorganisational communication; it is the communication that happens within the organisational, whether it is face to face communication or video conferences communication. It is important to note that if organisations do not communicate the right information, in the right way, to the right people, at the right time, this could create problems and have an impact on the level of effectiveness and efficiency. In essence, there is therefore a need for effective communication within the workplace. If thereRead MoreCommunication For Effective Leadership At The Workplace859 Words   |  4 PagesCommunication for Effective Leadership Everyday in the workplace a person must interact with others in various forms of communication to complete their day. A leader must be able to strategically communicate with their employees, as well as overcome any communication barriers, in order to achieve a high-performance rate in the workplace. An example of a scenario that requires diplomatic communication, in my case, is a loss of work ethic amongst team members. Communication Strategies Communication

A Situation At Mufg Union Bank - 886 Words

Introduction Organizational change becomes inevitable for a company to grow and succeeds. Organizational change is often a challenge that is met with resistance by some, disinterest with others, and welcome by few. The most important aspects are finding a process that make sense to everyone involved and fit the needs of the organizations. Sometimes implementing changes in culture of the organizations involves a different way of doing business practices. This paper will seek to analyze a situation at MUFG Union Bank, which describe the current state and desired future state, and lastly come up with an action plan to solve the issue. Union Bank story goes back to 150 years in the making founded by The Bank of California. In April 1996,†¦show more content†¦What is team building? Team building is working with a group of people towards a common goal. One of the main issues identified was the lack comradely within Union Bank employees. Action Plan Achieving this goal will not be an easy process by changing the culture of the organization. â€Å"Strategic planning entails a series of judgments, made under uncertainty, that companies direct toward making strategic decisions† (Martocchio, 2014, p. 17). This will require team participation, communication, strategy plan, and feedbacks. It is important to be open minded to changes in the workplace. Challenges Some challenges that may come up would be employees who are resistance to change. â€Å"Resistance to change in organization is based on a few basic factors: who brings about the change; what kind of change it is; what is the benefit to individual organizational members; the procedures for instituting change and transition; and the leader attitude towards the change† (Jackson, 2006, p. 205). I believe that people are more resistant to change if the plan is not well executed. â€Å"Poor planning and implementation of the change, which creates confusion and resentment† (Jackson, 2006, p. 205). The second, challenge is lack of or miscommunication with management and employees. Poor communication can affect employees and management in a number of different ways and this can lead to workplace conflict. This can lead

The potential impact of the Economic Crime Agency Free Essays

string(267) " institutions in the US \(The US Attorney’s Office for the Southern district of New York \(SDNY\), and the Manhattan District Attorney’s Office \(DANY\)\), Jessica de Grazia reported the striking differences between the conviction rates of the different bodies \." Introduction The economic crisis of recent years has lead to a heightened focus on tackling financial criminality, also known as ‘white collar crime’. According to D.Leigh and R. We will write a custom essay sample on The potential impact of the Economic Crime Agency or any similar topic only for you Order Now Evans, â€Å"Ministers are publicly committed to merging the Serious Fraud Office, plus part of the Financial Services Agency †¦ into one large economic crime agency that would tackle bribery, fraud and insider trading.† This essay will critically examine that statement; consider the specified forms of financial crime and determine the potential impact of the Economic Crime Agency. Background Financial crime is not a recent development; however, it could be argued that it occupied a secondary position in the public’s perception of criminality. That is, more focus and police attention went to crimes against persons which involved violence for example, than corporate crime like Fraud which often went undetected. Even when the latter was identified, prosecutions were few which would have undoubtedly led unscrupulous individuals to believe they could escape punishment. The advent of the recession and the revelation that financial crime was costing the UK economy over ?30bn a year lead the Tories to unveil plans to combat financial corruption though an Economic Crime Agency (ECA). The proposal was to combine the efforts of the Serious Fraud Office (SFO), The Financial Services Authority (FSA) and the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) into a single agency in a bid to tackle economic crime and reduce the duplicity of work often arising between the agencies. Financial Crime Definition There is no clear definition of financial crime; it varies depending on the context of the situation. It includes a number of corrupt activities from relatively ‘simple’ frauds like the over inflation of expense claims by an employee to complex ‘Ponzi’ schemes like that of Bernard Madoff which defrauded investors of billions of dollars. For the purposes of this essay, the definition in section 6(3) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 will be employed. This states that financial crime includes any offence involving fraud or dishonesty; misconduct in, or misuse of information relating to, a financial market; or handling the proceeds of crime. In recent years, reducing ‘white collar crime’ has become a key priority for regulators, government, corporate bodies and even individuals as it has a number of ramifications for the economy as a whole. A recent report by the National Fraud Agency found that â€Å"the public sector was the biggest fraud victim, at ?17.6 billion, followed by the private sector at ?9.3 billion (including ?3.8 billion from the financial services sector alone) and the individual and charity sector at ?3.5 billion.† At the start of the century the government took a tougher stance on the issue with the establishment of agencies like the Financial Services Authority (FSA) and the Serious Organised Crimes Agency (SOCA). Even still, the UK penalty rates for such crimes are relatively low in comparison to countries like the US with long established anti corruption policies in place . That said, the recession of 2007-2008 and the damaging effect the activities of unscrupulous bankers had on the financial markets led to a revival of financial crime regulations. Types of Financial Crime What follows is brief analysis of the crimes specified in the article on which this essay is based. Fraud Again, this is a term not expressly defined in legislation or determined by common law. Prior to the Fraud Act 2006, fraudulent behaviours were those identified by the Theft Acts of 1968 and 1978. The 2006 Act now states that fraud is committed where section 2-4 is breached. Summarily, it occurs where a person makes a representation which he knows is false , dishonestly fails to disclose information which he is under a legal duty to disclose and abuses his position . Succinctly, fraud may be defined as the use of deception to obtain an advantage at the detriment of another. Insider trading Insider trading, synonymous with insider dealing, is defined as dealing with securities on the basis of inside information that is not yet publicly known and which would affect the price of the securities if it were made public . It is a criminal offence under the Criminal Justice Act 1993 (CJA) and a civil offence under section 118 of FSMA 2000. In the context of financial services, the FSA Handbook refers to section 52 of the Criminal Justice Act 1993 which extends the offence to encouraging another to deal in the securities in question, or disclosing the information outside the proper performance of employment or professional duties . Bribery Bribery is the receiving or offering of any undue reward by or to any person whatsoever, in a public office, in order to influence his behaviour in office and incline him to act contrary to the known rules of honesty and integrity . The crime of bribing an official was previously governed by the Public Bodies Corrupt Practices Act 1889, The Prevention of Corruption Act 1906 and the Prevention of Corruption Act 1916. These laws have now been repealed by the Bribery Act 2010 which came into force on 1 July 2011. Sections 1, 2 and 3 clarify the law in relation to bribing another person, offences relating to being bribed and the functions or activities to which bribery relates respectively. Regulation The responsibility for preventing financial crime, including the types listed above is split between the following principal agencies; Serious Fraud Office (SFO): The SFO is an independent government body empowered by Section 1(3-5) of the Criminal Justice Act 1987 to investigate and prosecute cases involving serious fraud and corruption. With a budget of over ?43 million, it examines complex frauds which are politically sensitive, could significantly affect the economy and involve a loss of over a million pounds. These include investment fraud, bribery, corruption, corporate fraud and public sector fraud . In recent years, the agency has been criticised for its low conviction rates as well as its overall failure to reduce the rate of serious fraud in the UK. In a comparison of the SFO with two similar institutions in the US (The US Attorney’s Office for the Southern district of New York (SDNY), and the Manhattan District Attorney’s Office (DANY)), Jessica de Grazia reported the striking differences between the conviction rates of the different bodies . You read "The potential impact of the Economic Crime Agency" in category "Essay examples" The SFO had only managed to secure a 61% conviction rate in the period of 2003-2007 in a striking difference to its US counterparts who achieved 97% and 92% respectively. Furthermore, the efficiency of the agency was questioned as it expends far more resources than its US equals while achieving a much lower productivity rate in terms of convictions . In a case which further questions SFO case management, it was found that it took approximately ?40 million, 184 days and more than 1 million documents to charge the directors of Wickes plc with fraudulent trading. In the end, all were acquitted despite admitting knowledge of fraudulent activities in their company . Financial Services Authority (FSA) Established under the previous labour government, the FSA is the sole regulator of the UK financial markets. Its powers are derived from the Financial Services and Markets ACT 2000 (FSMA), which also imposes a statutory objective on the organisation to reduce financial crime . In contrast to the SFO whose sole remit is complex fraud, the FSA has more extensive responsibilities. It needs to protect consumers by ensuring that market participants are compliant with the rules in place and do not engage in any activity which might affect the public’s confidence in the financial markets or disrupt the UK monetary system. Inevitably, the responsibilities of the SFO and FSA overlap as cases on malpractice are rarely restricted to one type of crime. This often leads to longer case management times, as both agencies have to work together to collate evidence and decide the best manner and under which regulation to prosecute. Several criticisms have been made against the FSA. Similarly to its counterpart the SFO, the FSA has been accused of a light touch approach to prosecuting offenders for economic crime. In another comparison with the US, John Coffee, a leading US academic, found that in 2005/2006, the financial penalties meted out by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) surpassed that of the FSA by a 30 to 1 ratio . Other enforcement agencies There are a substantial number of agencies involved in the fight against financial crime. The quote on which this essay is based only mentions the two considered above. However, other agencies include; the Office of Fair Trading (OFT), CPS (Fraud Prosecution Service), CPS Revenue and customs Division, City of London Police Economic Crime Directorate amongst others. Regulatory Reform –The Economic Crime Agency (ECA) According to Jonathan Fisher QC, the barrister responsible for shaping the Tories thinking on the corporate crime landscape, the current system for tackling economic crime is â€Å"lamentably deficient† . This comment was based on an appraisal of the aforementioned agencies and their failures at identifying and prosecuting perpetrators as identified above. In a report entitled ‘Fighting Fraud and Financial Crime – A new architecture for the investigation and prosecution of serious fraud, corruption and financial market crimes’, Jonathan Fisher suggested a solution. That is, â€Å"a single Financial Crimes Enforcement Agency to tackle serious fraud, corruption and financial market crimes, either by consolidating the existing investigative and prosecutorial powers of the disparate agencies (SFO, FSA, CPS, FPS RCD, OFT) into a new body, or by enlargement of the Serious Fraud Office.† The former consolidation proposal was chosen by the new coalition government. In its coalition programme , the government announced plans for an Economic Crime Agency which would take over the investigatory work of the Serious Fraud office and the prosecution powers of the Financial Services Authority and the Office of Fair Trading. Furthermore, this strategy was seen as a way to â€Å"simplify the confusing and overlapping responsibilities in this area in order to improve detection and enforcement† . Crucially, the ECA would be responsible for â€Å"serious economic crime†. This term was not expressly defined but based on the conservatives pre-election document, could reasonably be considered to include â€Å"large scale fraud, bribery, corruption and Madoff style pyramid schemes† . Potential Impact Enhanced Prosecution Powers – Deferred Prosecution Agreements Amalgamating the various agencies would pave way for a new method of prosecuting offenders. According to Jonathan Fisher QC, â€Å"consolidation of existing powers would enable a unified agency to impose financial penalties in serious fraud and corruption cases as well as financial market crimes in appropriate cases where an alternative to immediate criminal prosecution is preferred†. This could be achieved using US method called Deferred Prosecution Agreements (DPA). Under these sorts of agreements, prosecutors, in this case the ECA, would be able to file criminal prosecutions against offending companies, with the understanding that they would not â€Å"pursue a trail on the charges and eventually drop the charges so long as the corporation involved aids public officials in investigations of the individuals responsible for the offenses charged and the corporation institutes reforms to ensure that similar offenses are not committed in the future† . This has a number of advantages for both parties. The ultimate aim of prosecuting offenders for financial crime is to punish the companies and individuals involved, deliver a penalty which provides an adequate deterrent for would-be duplicators and gives the public faith that such dishonest behaviour is being managed. The ECA could achieve this through a DPA as financial fines set at an adequate level could achieve the punitive and restrictive goal. DPAs also provide a social benefit as evident in an appraisal of settlements in the US. Siemens for example, was fined in excess of $800 million dollars for bribery and corruption in its global activities . The money received from the fine was used in the further pursuit of financial crime. Were the ECA to be given such powers, money recouped from offenders could be used for the continued maintenance of the body as opposed to funding from the public purse. Furthermore, a DPA is an admission of culpability by the company involved; settling with conditions attached allows the regulator to avoid a situation where the criminal prosecution fails at trail, meaning a waste of manpower at public expense. A DPA also assures change in the company as the regulator could impose conditions on the defendant which they would need to uphold to prevent the charges being resumed, e.g. getting rid of culpable directors, adequate monitoring procedures and censorship from certain activities. The US experience shows that offenders rarely ever default on a DPA as the threat of the charges being upheld is an adequate disincentive. From the company’s perspective, it avoids the high level of publicity that a criminal trial would invariably entail and the uncertainty about the level of punishment to be meted out if it were found guilty. Conversely, DPAs are not without risk to the companies involved. The use of Deferred Prosecution Agreements to prosecute corporations is still relatively new, even in the US where it is now commonly used in place of civil and criminal litigation. Therefore, therefore its application lacks uniformity on a case by case basis. Furthermore, evidence revealed or disclosed during the investigation process could incriminate the company and its employees to other offences. As Jonathan Fisher points out in his report, â€Å"Individual company directors or senior employees who caused a company to act unlawfully are frequently not afforded the benefit of a DPA. More often than not, directors or senior employees are prosecuted in a criminal court and following conviction it is not unusual for lengthy sentences of imprisonment to be imposed† . Certainly it would be unacceptable for companies to use their directors as ‘scapegoats’ to avoid prosecution and this is a criticism that is often levied against DPAs. This concept of unfairness extends to the treatment of individual companies, DPAs are an option which the regulatory body concerned can choose to employ or disregard. Therefore not all companies will be offered the option of an agreement. There is concern as to whether large companies are able to tempt regulators into forgoing a criminal or civil litigation by paying large fines, a luxury which smaller companies might not be given or indeed afford . Although the power to enter deferred prosecution agreements would be very useful to the ECA in combating financial crime, the process requires thorough consideration and guidelines need to be set before it is employed in the UK. Economies of scale: Recently, the Court of Appeal held in R v Rollins McInerney that the FSA would be able to bring criminal prosecutions for economic crimes like bribery and misrepresentation of financial accounts. This means that the FSA’s work could overlap considerably with that of the SFO, the body currently responsible for the investigation and prosecution of bribery offences. Therefore, combining the efforts of the two bodies under the umbrella of the ECA would increase efficiency and reduce the duplicity which could arise out of cases based on the aforementioned decision. Fees: Currently the FSA is funded by the levy it charges the companies that it regulates. On the other hand, the SFO and other similar agencies are maintained from the public purse. Having a single consolidated agency could have a number of outcomes. Depending on the size and remit of the agency, the government would have to pay out more for the maintenance of the ECA. However, the economies of scale mentioned above could equally translate to cheaper running costs as the concerned agencies would be streamlined with fewer personnel needed for example. Alternatively, the government would need to consider developing a new funding structure to maintain the organisation. It is unlikely that financial institutions would agree to increased fees due to the presence of a single regulator. Regulatory upheaval: Most of the agencies concerned operate under different legislative parameters. For example, while the FSA derives its powers from FSMA 2000, the OFT’s anti-money laundering powers is given by the Money Laundering Regulations 2007 . Therefore, the creation of a new agency, albeit an amalgamation of existing organisations, will inevitably require new laws governing its remit. Impact on affected companies and individuals: Many organisations and people have structured their businesses to meet with their existing obligations under the current system. For example, the FSA imposes regulatory obligations on some financial services firms to report any trading activity on regulated markets – to identify potential instances of market abuse . If a new arrangement involving the FSA comes into place it will create uncertainty about how to manage the reporting requirements. Furthermore, reporting to a new body could mean increased costs for those companies who have automated reporting facilities. Reception As expected, the proposal received mixed responses. A number of observers identified the plans as identical to that proposed by Lord Roskill, chair of the Fraud Trails Committee over 25 years ago. Roskill had recognised â€Å"the need for a new unified organisation responsible for all the functions of detection, investigation and prosecution of serious fraud cases†¦ †. The report had lead to the formation of the Serious Fraud Office; however, a truly unified approach to tackling corporate crime has never been achieved. The creation of the ECA was therefore seen as a practical application of a sensible theory. Having a single entity creates clarity, defines the remit of the various regulators, could improve efficiency and avoid situations such the failure of the FSA’s first criminal prosecution for insider trading where the defendants were acquitted due to evidential failures. The various institutions all have different specialties; therefore, some commentators contend that a unified agency like the ECA would combine the strengths of all the agencies involved and make it easier for successful convictions to be brought. For example, the OFT was blamed for the collapse of a price fixing trail against four British Airways executives amid claims of incompetence. The prosecution had offered no evidence to support its argument of collusion despite having spent four years and millions of pounds preparing the case . Responding to the coalition’s plans to bring the OFT under the umbrella of the ECA, Jon Lawrence of Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer stated that the plan is â€Å" a move in the right direction†¦.it is about making sure prosecutions aren’t brought and cases not pursued that have no merit. It’s better for everyone to have these cases run properly and for prosecutions to be assessed and brought on a consistent basis† . On the other hand, most of the agencies affected were not in agreement with the proposal. The FSA made it clear that as the body responsible for market protection, it should retain the criminal enforcement powers which currently enable it to prosecute offenders for insider dealing and market abuse. The government has recently proposed that the FSA’s responsibility for market conduct would be taken over in 2012 by a new agency called the Consumer Protection and Markets Authority. Therefore, Margaret Cole, the FSA’s director of enforcement and financial crime argued that as a specialist regulator, CPMA’s ability to prosecute criminals would be essential to â€Å"maintain a strong and effective enforcement function† . It is difficult to disagree with this statement as the knowledge that an organisation has not only the ability to investigate, but to prosecute criminal activity has been proven to be a somewhat effective deterrent . A number of financial commentators align with this view, stating that â€Å"if credible deterrence is to work and act as a genuine disincentive to market abuse, then, the joined up use of criminal as well as civil enforcement powers in one body is necessary† .Margaret Cole also pointed out the upswing in successful FSA actions, such as the fine of almost half a million pounds handed out to Malcolm Calvert for market abuse, the extradition of an individual from Mayotte for insider dealing, and the compounding of almost ?35m of suspect property. Academic commentators also weighed in on the proposal with Professor Ellis Ferran, professor of Companies and Securities Law at Cambridge University saying that â€Å"There are strong arguments for leaving responsibility for the prosecution of crimes against the market with the CPMA as the successor markets authority. This would allow for the seamless, close co-operation between supervision, markets and enforcement that has reputedly been crucial to the FSA’s recent successes in enforcement to continue, and minimise the wastage of the expertise that the FSA has built up in making use of the wide range of enforcement tools at its disposal. At a time when at least one senior markets regulator in another country has spoken out in favour of being given authority to bring criminal prosecutions, it would seem perverse for the UK to consider stripping its markets supervisor of that power.’ SFO director Richard Alderman also debated the merits of splitting up the organisation in a bid to integrate it with the proposed ECA. In his view, ‘the prosecution-led approach with integrated teams of lawyers and investigators is needed in this very specialist and complex area. No evidence has been produced to show that separating investigators and prosecutors will improve the approach to complex economic crime. In my view, the effect will be damaging .† The reasoning behind his opinion is apparent when one considers the nature of the SFO’s organisation. It is comprised of a number of lawyers, finance professionals and consultants who have experience in the corporate world and knowledge of the markets. Announcements of a structural overhaul at the SFO lead to the exodus of a number of key personnel from the agency. Therefore, there is no guarantee that the specialist knowledge which lead the agency to increase its conviction rate to a credible 84% in 2011 from a mere 61% would transfer to the ECA. In light of recent legislative developments, the UK Bribery Act in particular, Richard Alderman also stressed the need for the SFO to remain the prevalent body for fraud and corruption. Companies already have existing channels of communication with the SFO and disbanding the agency at the same time as new laws are introduced risks leaving the companies with little or no guidance. Alderman said that the â€Å"SFO would be there to help companies navigate their way through the legislation and said that the new rules, which take effect on July 1, would hopefully create a â€Å"ripple† effect through the economy and lead to better corporate behaviour . Furthermore, the need for a new agency could be questioned where the cost of creating a new agency could be saved by providing existing bodies with enhanced powers. Richard Alderman expressed a desire for the US style deferred prosecution agreements discussed above. According to him, â€Å"the US has had about 20 years experience dealing with big corporate cases and the judicial and criminal justice system there has developed greatly over that period†¦. I am particularly interested in deferred prosecution agreements†. Therefore, rather than giving these powers to the ECA, an alternative would be to expand the powers of the SFO. Current Position The coalition government seems to have abandoned its plans for the creation of an Economic Crime agency. Rather, the Home Secretary Theresa May announced that the SFO would remain as it stood, with a new agency called the National Crime Agency to be set up to tackle organised fraud. Perhaps in consideration of the criticisms levied against separating the enforcement powers of the FSA and the OFT, both organisations had managed to be removed from the coalition’s later plans for the ECA. The SFO was the only agency which faced being scrapped until the 2011 announcement. Commentators have observed however that ‘once the NCA is fully up and running, which should take two years, the government will review whether the anti-fraud agency should remain independent. ’ Conclusion The government’s plan for the ECA was weak in the sense that it lacked detail and certainty. Executed effectively, the agency had the potential to clean up financial crime through streamlined procedures and enhanced powers. Whether the ECA comes into place or not, financial regulation in the UK is undergoing an overhaul. The conviction rates at the FSA, SFO etc lend credence to their effectiveness at policing the system and any plans by the government to change their organisation structure could ruin future progress. This sentiment is echoed by Elizabeth Robertson, the corporate crime head at Addleshaw Goddard. As she puts it, â€Å"There has been a lot of momentum to prosecute white collar crime, the Bribery Act is gaining momentum, and with the credit crunch there is a real appetite to deal with these things, The Government risks damaging effective prosecution of business crime if it introduces too many changes at once.† Bibliography Table of cases Rollins, R. v [2009] EWCA Crim 1941 (09 October 2009) Table of Legislation †¢ Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 c.8 †¢ Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 c.29 †¢ The Money Laundering Regulations 2007 (SI 2007/2157) †¢ Criminal Justice Act 2003 c.44 Secondary Sources †¢ Change for the better in financial Services, 28 April 2010 http://www.conservatives.com/News/News_stories/2010/04/~/media/Files/Downloadable%20Files/Change%20for%20the%20better%20in%20financial%20services.ashx , , Accessed 20 July 2011 †¢ Chris Blackhurst, Chasing the White Collar Crooks –(management today) Sunday, 1 May 2011 http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/features/1065925/chasing-white-collar-crooks/ accessed 25 July 2011 †¢ David Gow, The Guardian, Record US fine ends Siemens bribery scandal, The Guardian, 16 December 2008. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/dec/16/regulation-siemens-scandal-bribery accessed 20 July 2011 †¢ Fighting Fraud and Financial Crime, A new architecture for the investigation and prosecution of serious fraud, corruption and financial market crimes, Jonathan Fisher QC, March 2010, http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/assets/Fighting_Fraud_-_Mar_10.pdf accessed 20 July 201 †¢ Financial Services Authority, The Supervision Manual, http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/cp/cp64.pdf accessed 24 July 2011 †¢ Fraud Trials Committee, 1986. (Roskill Report) London: HM Stationery Office. †¢ FSA handbook, Glossary, – http://fsahandbook.info/FSA/glossary-html/handbook/Glossary/I?definition=G553, accessed 24 July 2011 †¢ FSA v Andrew King and Michael McFall (2010) http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pages/Library/Communication/PR/2010/090.shtml †¢ Gavriel Hollander, Opportunities abound as the FSA makes way for the Economic Crime Agency, The lawyer, 12 July 2010. http://www.thelawyer.com/opportunities-abound-as-fsa-makes-way-for-the-economic-crime-agency/1005003. article accessed 25 July 2011 †¢ Henry N. Pontell, Gilbert Geis, International Handbook of white-collar and corporate crime, (Springer 2007), 701 †¢ HMT: Speech at the Lord Mayor’s Dinner for Bankers Merchants of the City of London by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, The Rt Hon George Osborne MP, at Mansion House, 16 June 2010, http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/press_12_10.htm accessed 24 July 2011 †¢ Jessica de Grazia, Review of the Serious Fraud Office, Final Report, 2008. http://www.sfo.gov.uk/media/34318/de%20grazia%20review%20of%20sfo.pdf accessed 24 July 2011 †¢ John C. Coffee Jr, ‘Law and the Market: The Impact of Enforcement’, Working Paper No.304, 4th April 2007. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=967482 †¢ Margaret Cole, speech to the British Bankers Association on November 9, 2010. †¢ Michael Herman and Davd Robertson, BA price-fixing trail collapses as new evidence emerges, Timesonline, May 10, 2010, http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/transport/article7121525.ece Accessed 24 July 2011 †¢ National Fraud Authority, Annual fraud indicator. London, 2010. http://www.attorneygeneral.gov.uk/nfa/GuidetoInformation/Documents/NFA_fraud_indicator.pdf accessed 20 July 2011 †¢ Neil Baker, ‘British fraud agency reprieved for now’, (Compliance Week, 10 June 2011) accessed 25 July 2011 †¢ Our performance, Serious Fraud Office, http://www.sfo.gov.uk/our-work/our-performance.aspx accessed 25 July 2011 †¢ Practical Law Company, Glossary, http://uk.practicallaw.com.lawdbs.lawcol.com/8-107-6269 Accessed 20 July 2010 †¢ Richard Sims, policing the rules: enforcement in the new regulatory structure. Dec 7 2010. †¢ Serious Fraud Office, http://www.sfo.gov.uk/fraud/what-is-fraud.aspx , accessed 24 July 2011 †¢ Simon Goodley, ‘Ex – Wickes Trio Cleared of Fraud’ Daily telegraph, 26 November 2002, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2834729/Ex-Wickes-trio-cleared-of-fraud.html accessed 20 July 2011 †¢ Sir William Oldnall Russell, Russell on Crime (12th edition), London, Stevens, 1964 †¢ Special Project Group, Fraud Advisory Panel, Roskill Revisited: Is there a case for a unified fraud prosecution officeMarch 2010 http://www.fraudadvisorypanel.org/newsite/pdf_show.php?id=124- Accessed 23 July 2011 †¢ The Breakup of the Financial Services Authority, Oxford J legal Studies (2011) †¢ The Coalition: our programme for government, 20 May 2010, http://uk.practicallaw.com.lawdbs.lawcol.com/cs/Satellite?blobcol=urldatablobheader=application%2Fpdfblobkey=idblobtable=MungoBlobsblobwhere=1247275346603ssbinary=true ,accessed 20 July 2011 †¢ The Complinet Interview: Richard Alderman, director of the Serious Fraud Office, (TrustLaw, 18 April 2011), http://www.trust.org/trustlaw/news/the-complinet-interview-richard-alderman-director-of-the-serious-fraud-office accessed 25 July 2011 †¢ www.bbc.co.uk †¢ www.bloomberg.com †¢ www.complinet.com †¢ www.fsa.gov.uk †¢ www.google.co.uk †¢ www.guardian .co.uk †¢ www.lexisnexis.co.uk †¢ www.practicallaw.com †¢ www.sfo.gov.uk †¢ www.timesonline.co.uk †¢ www.westklaw.co.uk How to cite The potential impact of the Economic Crime Agency, Essay examples

What Role Does Personal History And Reminiscence Play In The Prime Of

What Role Does Personal History And Reminiscence Play In The Prime Of Miss Jean Brodie? What role does personal history and reminiscence play in ?The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie An interesting narrative device of ?The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie? is the manipulation of the time line. The first 5 pages are set in 1936, after which, we are brought back 6 years into the past into 1930. The time periods shift frequently, so much so, that we are told of certain important events very early on in the novel. For example, we are told of Mary's death in a hotel fire on page 14, the betrayal of Miss Brodie on page 27, the identity of the betrayer (i.e. Sandy) on page 60 and Miss Brodie's death on page 26. The fact that these rather tragic events are made known to us right in the beginning, creates a rather foreboding sense of doom as the reader is invited to interpret all the events as a prelude to the final failure and betrayal of Miss Brodie. Personal history and reminiscence therefore, play a major role in the movement of the plot of the novel as events are narrated simultaneously along with the characters' reflections and future thoughts. Miss Brodie, the central character in the novel, often narrates her personal history to her class. One of the first stories that she tells the young impressionable girls is that of her lover, ?Hugh the warrior? who died during The First World War, ?just before Armistice?. This story is often referred to in the course of the novel and is integral in the early formation of the girls' ideas on love and sex, especially in the cases of Sandy Stranger and her best friend Jenny Grey. The girls often contemplate their relationship, fantasizing and creating their own picture of the love affair that took place between their teacher and the greatly idealized Hugh. This can be seen in the two girls' short story, ?The Mountain Eyerie? on page 18. Miss Brodie's narration about Hugh on page 12 is full of romanticized images, likening Hugh's death to the fall of ?an autumn leaf?. Hugh was ?a scholar? despite being poor and wanted to lead a simple life where they would ?drink water and walk slow?. These romantic images were very much impressed upon Sandy and Jenny. Likewise, ?The Mountain Eyerie? follows through with this line of romantic imagery. The language is very passionate. The characters ?beseech? and ?swear? their lines instead of just saying or stating them. There is also liberal use of the exclamation mark. ?Stand back from the door I say!? and ?Back girl! he cried? are some of the statements used in the girls' narration to show strong emotion and raw passion. Later on in the novel, when Sandy and Jenny are composing the secret correspondence between Miss Brodie and Gordon Lowther, (page 73), they set the scene of their lovemaking to be ?the lofty Lion's back of Arthur's seat with only the sky for roof and bracken for bed?. Miss Brodie tries to impress upon the girls the need for ?instinct?, which is why passion is greatly emphasized upon. Hugh is a central figure in Miss Brodie's life. She sets her relationship with him as the standard for all other relationships. We see Hugh being redefined after her holiday with Lowther. She incorporates the latter's singing abilities and Lloyd's artistic talent into her image of him. Miss Brodie uses the word ?instinct? loosely to define her romantic notions, demanding it from her life, as she does from her girls. However, the girls do not follow Miss Brodie's footsteps in the cultivation of greatly passionate and tragic relationships. Jenny has a happy marriage but it does not seem to incite in her the passion the Miss Brodie would have hoped for, finding it instead in her sudden falling in love with the man in Rome in which case ?there was nothing to be done about it?. Miss Brodie had had high hopes for Jenny and probably would have wanted her to go with her instinct but Jenny adhered to a stricter moral code than Miss Brodie, ?sinner that she was? who had no qualms about plotting